Biomarkers to detect and prevent liver cancer

Liver cancer is a category of cancer that starts in the liver. Some cancers grow outside the liver and extend to the area. However, only cancers that surprise in the liver are defined as liver cancer. It is one of the largest organs of the human body. It has a range of purposes, including eliminating toxins from the body, and is essential to survival.

Growth in the expression of sugar-burning ‘glycolytic’ enzymes in precancerous cirrhotic livers has been recognized and could be used as a biomarker

Liver cancer claims more than 700,000 lives each year and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Due to the nature of cancer, it is usually detected too late to heal.

The results of a new study show a huge increase in the expression of "glycolytic" enzymes that burn sugar in precancerous cirrhotic livers. This increase has been associated with a significantly increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a major type of liver cancer, and could be used as a biomarker to identify people at risk of malignancy.

"We know that 90 percent of all cases of hepatocellular carcinoma begin with liver cirrhosis,"

"Then, by pointing out when cirrhosis is progressing towards cancer, we could improve early detection and treatment, with surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but perhaps also with new treatments that reverse the transition."

"We set out to find features of the cirrhotic cells that could predict a cancerous change," said Dr. Papa.

The research team identified that genes related to glycolysis, including hexokinase 2 (HK2), aldolase A (ALDOA) and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), are highly expressed in HCC and cirrhosis compared to normal liver samples.

"In other words: the change to glycolysis occurs in the precancerous stage," said Dr. Bubici. "This suggests that the expression of glycolytic enzymes could be used as a new biomarker to predict the risk of subsequent development of HCC in patients with cirrhosis."

The researchers concluded that the findings reveal a promising means of improving HCC survival through early detection and treatment.

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